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.10.If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distri-bution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission.For softwarewhich is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free SoftwareFoundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.Our decision will be guided by thetwo goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of pro-moting the sharing and reuse of software generally.NO WARRANTY11.BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NOWARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICA-BLE LAW.EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHTHOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM  AS IS WITH-OUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,4872316072 App B 7/26/99 2:40 PM Page 771GNU General Public License771APPENDIX BINCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MER-CHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.THE ENTIRERISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITHYOU.SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COSTOF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.12.IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TOIN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHOMAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTEDABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL,BSPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OFTHE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIM-ITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSS-ES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAMTO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OROTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAM-AGES.END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONSLinux and the GNU systemThe GNU project started 12 years ago with the goal of developing a complete freeUNIX-like operating system. Free refers to freedom, not price; it means you are free torun, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software.A UNIX-like system consists of many different programs.We found some componentsalready available as free software for example, X Windows and TeX.We obtained othercomponents by helping to convince their developers to make them free for example, theBerkeley network utilities.Other components we wrote specifically for GNU for exam-ple, GNU Emacs, the GNU C compiler, the GNU C library, Bash, and Ghostscript.Thecomponents in this last category are  GNU software.The GNU system consists of allthree categories together.The GNU project is not just about developing and distributing free software.The heart ofthe GNU project is an idea: that software should be free, and that the users freedom isworth defending.For if people have freedom but do not value it, they will not keep it forlong.In order to make freedom last, we have to teach people to value it.The GNU project s method is that free software and the idea of users freedom supporteach other.We develop GNU software, and as people encounter GNU programs or theGNU system and start to use them, they also think about the GNU idea.The softwareshows that the idea can work in practice.People who come to agree with the idea arelikely to write additional free software.Thus, the software embodies the idea, spreads theidea, and grows from the idea.GNU GENERALPUBLICLICENSE4872316072 App B 7/26/99 2:40 PM Page 772Linux Programming772UNLEASHEDThis method was working well until someone combined the Linux kernel with theGNU system (which still lacked a kernel), and called the combination a  Linux system.The Linux kernel is a free UNIX-compatible kernel written by Linus Torvalds.It was notwritten specifically for the GNU project, but the Linux kernel and the GNU system worktogether well.In fact, adding Linux to the GNU system brought the system to comple-tion: it made a free UNIX-compatible operating system available for use.But ironically, the practice of calling it a  Linux system undermines our method ofcommunicating the GNU idea.At first impression, a  Linux system sounds like some-thing completely distinct from the  GNU system. And that is what most users think it is.Most introductions to the  Linux system acknowledge the role played by the GNU soft-ware components.But they don t say that the system as a whole is more or less the sameGNU system that the GNU project has been compiling for a decade.They don t say thatthe idea of a free UNIX-like system originates from the GNU project.So most usersdon t know these things.This leads many of those users to identify themselves as a separate community of  Linuxusers , distinct from the GNU user community.They use all of the GNU software; infact, they use almost all of the GNU system; but they don t think of themselves as GNUusers, and they may not think about the GNU idea.It leads to other problems as well even hampering cooperation on software mainte-nance.Normally when users change a GNU program to make it work better on a particu-lar system, they send the change to the maintainer of that program; then they work withthe maintainer, explaining the change, arguing for it and sometimes rewriting it, to get itinstalled.But people who think of themselves as  Linux users are more likely to release a forked Linux-only version of the GNU program, and consider the job done [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]