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.Even the humanely disposed missionary I.E.Veniaminov pro-5 posed buying up to 50 male slaves in 1844, to maintain the conservatory and6 seminary in Novo-Arkhangel sk.From the missionary s point of view, using7 such church servants was preferable to hiring workers dependent on the rac.8 In another case Veniaminov proposed obtaining slaves from the Tlingit to train9 in the seminary so that they could later be used as interpreters and church lay-10 brothers (Kan 1999:121 122, 169).11 The Tlingit chiefs often gave slaves that were intended for sacrificial offering12 at a potlatch to the rac, or else set them free.For example, 3 male slaves and[241], (33)13 16 female slaves, who earlier in a similar situation would certainly have been14 killed, were released by the Sitka chiefs in Novo-Arkhangel sk in 1861 (avpr, f.Lines: 28515 rak, op.888, d.1025, l.120ob.).Some slaves ran away from their cruel masters16 and found refuge in the Russian fort (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.989, l.179ob.).  17 The gradual disappearance of slavery among the Tlingit, beginning in the 0.0pt Pg  18 mid-19th century, was evidently not the result of administrative decrees fromNormal Pag19 the Russian (and then American) authorities but rather the consequences ofPgEnds: TEX20 European colonization on the whole.16 The reduction of slavery in the Native21 population of the Northwest Coast resulted from epidemics and alcoholism,22 the United States s and Great Britain s suppressing raids, and missionary activ-[241], (33)23 ity among the Indians, among other reasons.24 The development of the Northwest Coast fur trade generally buoyed the25 Tlingit economy and promoted prosperity among the Native population dur-26 ing the Russian period of Alaskan history.The class that grew rich by trad-27 ing with the Europeans and by acting as middlemen to other Indians grew.28 This trend meant that  nouveaux riches appeared among the once-simple29 commoners, who began to lay claim to the rights and privileges of the old30 clan aristocracy (Averkieva 1960:28).Epidemics, which at times caused the31 complete disappearance of aristocratic families and their replacement with32 people of previously low rank, also contributed to increased social mobility.33 Consequently, the authority of the chief, already becoming insignificant, was34 further weakened.The colonial administration strove to counteract the process35 of weakening authority in Tlingit society by supporting individual members36 of the Tlingit aristocracy, giving them medals, honorary certificates, and gifts37 of clothing, goods, rum, and the like.Some received a special salary from the38 rac (see documentary appendix entries {31, 32}).The company paid 360 rubles39 annually to  Chief Toion Mikhail Kukkan (Aleut elders received 250 rubles).Influence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture 2411 From the beginning of the 1860s subsidies of 240 rubles were given to Sergei2 Sergeev, a baptized chief of the Sitka Kaagwaantaan (Kostlivtsov 1863:89).3 However, the Russian administration s artificially reinforcing individual chiefs4 authority so that they could rely on them politically were not successful.Tlin-5 git society s firm clan structure, the Indians political independence, and the6 objective tendency for the chief s authority to weaken, as well as the Tlingit s7 subjective resistance to establishing investitures among them, hindered Russian8 attempts to secure the chiefs loyalty.93.3.Interethnic Contacts1011 Interethnic contacts in this region grew significantly starting with the maritime12 fur trade and the colonization of the Northwest Coast.Besides the Russians,[242], (313 English, and Americans, the Tlingit encountered representatives of many other14 nations and peoples.For example, there were often many Hawaiian, Indian,Lines: 2815 Chinese, Filipino, and other sailors on English and American ships.The ethnic16 composition of Novo-Arkhangel sk was also quite varied, including not only  17 Russians but also Swedes, Finns, Yakuts, Germans, Poles, Ukrainians, and not 0.0pt  18 a few Russian Aleut and Russian Eskimo mestizos (creoles).In the 1840s creolesNormal19 comprised about half the population of the Russian American capital.AlongPgEnds:20 with the English and Scottish, there were French Canadians, mestizos, Iro-21 quois, and others working for the Hudson s Bay Company (Galbraith 1957:21).22 Not a few of the new arrivals, especially on American ships that traded on[242], (323 the Northwest Coast, were Polynesians, primarily Hawaiians (they sometimes24 comprised half the ship s crew).Hawaiians were skilled sailors whose salaries25 were far lower than those of European or American sailors.The English of the26 Hudson s Bay Company also hired Hawaiians.Thus, in 1834, of the 59 men at27 the Fort Simpson garrison, 14 were Hawaiians (Gibson 1992:212).28 For many years fugitive American sailors lived among the Tlingit, and, in29 the late 1850s, British smugglers and gold prospectors lived among them as30 well.As early as 1793 Vancouver encountered among some Stikine people who31 visited him a young man in a blue camisole and trousers  who smoked cigars32 like the Spanish through the nose and who loved tobacco very much, and33 supposed that this was a Mexican who had deserted a Spanish ship (Vancouver34 1830:4:306 307).35 From the early 19th century, the Tlingit themselves ventured on long sea36 and land expeditions, acquainting themselves with the Athapaskans of the37 middle course of the Yukon (calling them  Aiyan ) to the north, and with38 the Indians of Vancouver Island and Puget Sound to the south.Several Tlingit39 were hired onto European ships and sailed throughout the entire Pacific Ocean242 Influence of European Contacts on Tlingit Culture1 region; some of them even completed round-the-world and halfway-round-2 the-world voyages.The Tlingit chief Klukar traveled to Canton and back on3 an American ship, during which time he learned to speak English well.In 18104 he sent his son on a trip to Boston with Captain Lemuel Porter s ship Hamilton5 (Gibson 1992:126).Governor M.I.Murav ev reported to St.Petersburg that6  many Koloshi have been to Boston, and some are also educated there (VPR7 1982:2:5:87).In 1841 G.Simpson wrote about one such Indian, named Henya8 Joy (that is,  Joy from the Henya kwáan ), who, as a boy, had been taken on9 an American ship from Alaska to the United States.He later returned to his10 kinsmen, and hbc agents occasionally used him as a navigator and translator11 (Simpson 1847:1:213).12 The Tlingit also visited Russia.Thus, in 1817 the rac directors wrote to[243], (35)13 Baranov from St.Petersburg:  The Kolosh Sergei Kolobov, whom you sent14 on the Suvorov, having been a healthy, smart, and modest man beyond expec-Lines: 29815 tation, because he was not vaccinated against it there or on the way, became16 a victimof smallpox (avpr, f.rak, op.888, d.988, l.52ob.).Other Tlingit  17 whom Baranov sent to study in St.Petersburg evidently suffered a similar 0.0pt Pg  18 fate.Among them was the brother of the Sitka chief Nawushkeitl. They allNormal Pag19 unfortunately did not return to inspire their fellow countrymen with reliablePgEnds: TEX20 information on European enlightenment and the might of Russia, wrote21 Khlebnikov (1835:200).Later, several children and young Tlingit (including22 girls) whom the Russians sought to educate accompanied their foster parents[243], (35)23 to Russia (see documentary appendix entry {35}).For example, Lieutenant Ivan24 I [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]