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.He was never athe  World Atlas of Commodity Flow. With somewhat quaint titles like  Themere simple-lifer, still less anQuadruped Economy (Food and Paw) or  From Ice to Iroquois, the book at-antiurbanist.Like Thoreau,tempted a simple understanding of land planning from its inception.ThoughMacKaye appreciated thethe style served MacKaye s purpose of relaying profound paradigm shifts by communal values of the NewEngland villages, and evenway of simple language and situations, here, the elementary tone also accom-better than Thoreau he ap-panied somewhat elementary concepts.8 Mumford read the manuscript andpreciated the culture of cities.wrote back a long and affectionate letter to his friend saying that after sev-So far from believing thateral readings, he considered it to be unpublishable, largely because of itsman s three major environ-breadth.It was a retelling, Mumford said, not only of MacKaye s personalments, the primeval, the rural,experience, but of the history of the continent, a history that was for the and the communal or urban,were mutually exclusive,most part already  in the public domain. The manuscript needed editing, aMacKaye held rather thatjob for which neither Mumford nor Stein could volunteer.Mumford sug-they were complementary,gested that copies of the book be distributed to a selection of libraries.and all three were necessaryThough Geotechnics of North America was never published, a compilationfor man s full development.of new and previously published articles entitled From Geography to Geo-MacKaye was all these things.technics, did, in some ways, function as the autobiography Mumford had If MacKaye s work, aside fromthe A.T., was often too far offpreviously suggested.9the beaten track to gain pub-Only practice with actual sites and prototypes appeared to relieve Mac-lic attention, still less to winKaye of his tendency to search for totalizing frameworks within which topopularity, this was becausemap global history.This epistemological juggling as evidenced by his ever-he himself was opening freshexpanding outlines and classifications was perhaps symptomatic of a mindtrails, though sometimes cov-that was ironically unwilling to finalize those kinds of determinations.In any ering his footsteps by usingold-fashioned terms, obsoleteevent, the historical material was, in some sense, not intended to relay historydata, or testimony drawn fromas would a historian, but rather to condition the reader s perceptions for histhe great teachers of hisown idiosyncratic continental saga.Finally, with an extreme form of resource-youth, whose names arefulness, MacKaye sited his prototypes in this organizational territory and inhardly known today even bydoing so retooled and recircuited some of the most powerful developmentscholars.10protocols in America. Lewis MumfordNotes1.Clarence Stein wrote a letter of recommendation on MacKaye s behalf to TVA sdirector of unemployment, C.L.Richie, 7 October 1933.2.In uenced by midcentury fascinations with biological systems, Ian McHarg amore recent proponent of a position similar to that of MacKaye and Geddes usedin his book, Design With Nature, images of nautilus shells, snow akes, bees, and|Sites72other organic organizations to discuss the growth of cities as a process that generatednatural patterns.3.Ian McHarg, Design with Nature (Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press, 1969).4.MacKaye, The New Exploration, 203.This characterization of wilderness survived toin uence important pieces of legislation like the 1946 Bill for Wilderness Belts, TheWilderness Act of 1964, and The National Trails System Act of 1968.5.John L.Thomas, Lewis Mumford, Benton MacKaye, and the Regional Vision, inLewis Mumford Public Intellectual, eds.Thomas P.Hughes and Agatha C.Hughes(New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 66 99; Philip Shabecoff quoted histo-rian Donald Fleming and Stegner in A Fierce Green Fire: The American EnvironmentalMovement (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), xiii, 90, n.28.6.MacKaye, New Exploration, 203.7.Lewis Mumford in the introduction to Benton MacKaye, The New Exploration (Ur-bana: University of Illinois Press, 1962), vii.8.MacKaye, From Geography to Geotechnics, unpublished manuscript, Benton MacKayepapers, Darthmouth College Library.Pictures of MacKaye s study in Shirley can befound in the MacKaye papers.9.Mumford to MacKaye, 2 November 1970, MacKaye papers Dartmouth CollegeLibrary.10.Lewis Mumford in Stuart Chase, Lewis Mumford, and others, Benton MacKaye:A Tribute by Lewis Mumford, Stuart Chase, Paul Oehser, Frederick Gutheim, Har-ley P.Holden, Paul T.Bryant, Robert M.Howes, C.J.S.Durham, The Living Wil-derness, 39 n 132 ( January/March, 1976), 17.|1.4Par t 22.0 DI FFERENTI AL HI GHWAYSThe history of the interstate highway is contained within our amnesic recol-lections of the recent past, and its dominance over all other transportationformats in America has perhaps obscured our ability to see it as an adjustableand differential network [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]