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.The U.S.supplies a five-megawatt research reactor and nuclear fuel rod to Iran.July 1968 Iran signs as one of the first non-nuclear-weapon states the NPT.1970 Iran ratifies the NPT, which goes into effect on March 5.1970s Under the rule of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, plans are made to construct up to twentynuclear power stations with a total scale of 23 gigawatt across the country with U.S.supportand backing.Numerous contracts are signed with various Western firms, and the Germanfirm Kraftwerk Union (a subsidiary of Siemens AG) begins construction on the Bushehr powerplant in 1974.1973 The civil Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) was created to supervise those powerstations.1975 German engineers start with the construction of the Bushehr power plant.Massachusetts Institute of Technology signs a contract with the AEOI to provide training forIranian nuclear engineers.1979 The Iranian Revolution puts a freeze on the existing nuclear program and the Bushehr con-tract with Siemens AG is terminated as the German firm leaves.1983 IAEA inspectors inspect Iranian nuclear facilities, and report on proposed cooperationagreement to help Iran manufacture enriched uranium fuel as part of Iran s  ambitious pro-gramme in the field of nuclear power reactor technology and fuel cycle technology. Theassistance program is later terminated under U.S.pressure.1987/88 Iran s reactors are heavily damaged by Iraqi air strikes.1990 Iran begins negotiations with the Soviet Union regarding the re-construction of the Bushehrpower plant.1992 Iran signs an agreement with China for the building of two 950-watt reactors in Darkhovin(Western Iran).To date, construction has not yet begun.Jan.1995 Iran signs an $800 million contract with the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom)(whose contractor is Atomstroyexport) to complete (probably in late 2007) reactors at Bu-shehr under IAEA safeguards.28 The completion was scheduled for July 8, 1999.1996 China and Iran inform the IAEA of plans to construct a nuclear enrichment facility in Iran, butChina withdraws from the contract under U.S.pressure.Iran advises the IAEA that it plans topursue the construction anyway.Jan.29, U.S.President George W.Bush speaks of an  axis of evil gathering Iran, Iraq, and North2002 Korea during his State of the Union Address.BRZOSKA & NEUNECK & MEIER 2006: 2, Table  Chronologie der Krise um das iranische Atomprogramm ;and  Nuclear program of Iran, Wikipedia, accessed on March 3, 2007, URL.28Cf.GEDYE, Robin (2004),  Iran s nuclear history, The Telegraph, Nov.27.URL343.1.3.Dilemmas of Double-Standard and Dual-UseA widely circulating assumption is that such a country as Iran with lots of oil and gas reserves donot need nuclear energy, so its nuclear program should be for non-peaceful purposes.Neverthe-less, the issue is more complex than that.a) (Why) Does Iran Need Nuclear Energy?Although Iran is rich of fossil energies, these resources will be exploited within the next few dec-ades.Moreover, Iran s old infrastructure of refineries requires heavy investment.As JohnsHopkins University economic geographer, Roger Stern, asserts, Iran is suffering a staggeringdecline in revenue from its oil exports, and if the trend continues income could be halved in lessthan five years and virtually disappear by 2015.Thus Tehran s assertion that it needs nuclearenergy for civilian purposes could be believed in.He emphasizes that the country s oil produc-tion is declining and both gas and oil are being sold domestically at highly subsidized rates.Atthe same time, Iran is neglecting to reinvest in its oil production.The Iranian petroleum crisiswould immensely degrade the country s overall performance thus making U.S.military actionsuperfluous.(STERN 2007) Moreover, considering Iran s rising energy demands due to consider-able industrialization and demography, other energy sources will be necessary.By 2025, thepopulation is expected to reach the mark of 90 million (SB 2004: 201) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]