[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
. We give them a 4,400mile bonus for every point that the stock goes down.""Nobody loses according to your marketing campaign.""Aviation is something that requires special selling. If a guy knows that he can stay in a bedandbreakfast hotel and get frequent flyer miles, he's going to sleep better. If he buys a set of golf clubs and gets a ticket to Argentina, he is ahead of the game.Page 392The next time he wants to fly somewhere, he'll take Southern Freebie Airlines."Jay handed me a certificate."What is this?""We're crediting you with 14,000 miles for wearing a blue shirt." (Buchwald, 1993, p. 13A) Reprinted with permission of Art Buchwald and Los Angeles Times Syndicate.ContrastContrast can also be described as incongruity. In using contrast, you establish a lack of harmony with the world~ you show unreasonable and unsuitable situations. There are times when something that is expected and routine becomes something completely unexpected and nonroutine. For example, a story about a business trip that was well planned with hotel and rental car reservations, airline bookings, and other details turns into a series of humorous situations when the realities of the trip begin. These include an airline strike, a rental car breakdown, hotel reservations denied by a clerk, and just plain bad timing (for example, you finally arrive at the hotel at 11:15 p.m., hungry and tired, but find out that room service closed at 11 p.m.).UnderstatementJust like exaggeration, understatement works to create emphasis and reaction on the part of the reader. An intentional, softer comment will draw attention when it is contrasted with the expected. If, for example, you were referring to the real summer heat that the local readers know was 98°F with 80% humidity by saying, "It was a little warm outside yesterday," then you have understated the case dramatically and no doubt drawn a reaction from your reader.Novelist Connie Willis feels understatement is as important as exaggeration in creating humor. And you can use them together, she believes: "Don't get the idea you must choose one or the other," Willis (1996, p. 33) wrote. "Humor is not a decision between More or Less. (Mark) Twain often uses understatement and exaggeration in the same sentence." The concern of writers, she notes, is when to use one or the other. Every author, she observes, seems to use them differently. "Things are already funny~ you're simply using exaggerationPage 393and understatement and whatever else to bring out the humor that was already there."AsidesMany humor writers like to use asides short messages in parentheses or other form to communicate with readers on a quasiprivate level. This is a technique often used in acting that permits the actor to communicate only with the audience. In writing, humorists who use asides are attempting the same technique as if to privately communicate with you (and not the book's editor). Did you notice? The previous sentence contained an aside. You don't have to use parentheses all the time. Some writers prefer dashes " " or other typographic devices to accomplish the same thing. Some writers will even use footnotes for the same effect. Dave Barry is one contemporary humorist who likes to use asides in his writing.IronySimilar to contrast, irony is a technique that employs contradictions through writing tone and subject. Irony focuses on the direct opposite of what is usual or expected. The outcome of the story is different from what is expected by readers. The distance between what happened and what should have happened or what is said and what is intended is irony. Writers using irony set up the story by leading the reader to expect one type of finish through a combination of circumstances or steps involving the principals of the story. Then the reader is stunned by the opposite or inappropriate conclusion of the episode. This technique is used often in writing short humorous items known as brights.Grammatical and Typographic EmphasisSome writers make points in their humor writing by intentionally overusing and abusing English grammar or typography. One such technique is overuse of exclamation marks (e.g., multiple exclamation marks after a word in the middle of a sentence or a string of typographic symbols such as "*@!(c)!#$%&!!@" to represent bad or strong language). Another is capitalizing improper nouns (e.g., a term such as Campaign Trail) used in generic references rather than specific contexts. These tricks draw reader attention to certain words and terms in an extreme fashion and help place focus where the writer wants it
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]